This research paper "Advantages and Limitations of Elaboration Likelihood Model" analyzes the importance of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion and its relevance has been highlighted for action by Tesco. According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, persuasion can reinforce attitudes. One, Storytelling plays a huge role in User Experience design and in the Design Thinking process. Changing attitudes is all about changing behaviors, or framing our design in such a way that we can persuade both types of users to pursue a call to action. Meanwhile, when someone has the ability to process a message in a relatively objective manner, they have the requisite knowledge and opportunity to consider the arguments impartially. His decision-making was more passive, or rather, more peripheral. However, the central processing route to persuasion requires both motivation and the ability to elaborate a message. This is because there are no peripheral cues. It is possible to use both the central route and peripheral route persuasion at the same time. If youre a soda drinker, the elaboration likelihood model would predict that elaboration would be higher (since you would be potentially paying this tax). When someone is motivated to process a message in a relatively objective manner, they are trying to seek the truth of the situation. After all, in that case, the second party wouldnt have any say in the matter. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Communication, and therefore persuasion, occurs frequently in daily situations. Scroll. Attitude change resulting from the peripheral route is typically temporary and susceptible to additional change. ABSTRACT - The Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty and Cacioppo 1981) is discussed as a framework for understanding attitude formation and change with regard to products and services. Both Daniela and Marta probably have a certain level of central route processing. Mar 2023 31. sermoncentral sermon from the pit to the palace Facebook; rapunzel vegetable bouillon recall Twitter; In general, people are more motivated to elaborate when the message is important to them. Elaboration refers to the amount of effort an audience member has to use in order to process and evaluate a message, remember it, and then accept or reject it. These will all determine whether attitude change will occur. Information Processing Theory: Definition and Examples, Convince Me: A Persuasive Writing Activity, https://books.google.com/books?id=GxXEtwEACAAJ, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270271600_The_Elaboration_Likelihood_Model_of_Persuasion, https://books.google.com/books/about/Theories_in_Social_Psychology.html?id=DnVBDPEFFCQC, Ph.D., Psychology, University of California - Santa Barbara, B.A., Psychology and Peace & Conflict Studies, University of California - Berkeley. The elaboration likelihood model is a theory of persuasion that suggests that there are two different ways people can be persuaded of something, depending on how invested they are in a topic. There are several major factors that affect elaboration. After the better part of an hour of careful sifting, sorting and replaying video snippets, Jack reaches a decision. Essentially, the more someone scrutinizes the argument in a relatively objective way, the more apparent the strengths of cogent arguments become and the more obvious the flaws in specious ones (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Prisoner's Dilemma Overview & Examples | What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? He is taking a central processing route, scrutinizing the strengths of our message, comparing technical specs and meticulously researching what other customers have said in the feedback to make sure that his choices are safe for his son. https://www.thoughtco.com/elaboration-likelihood-model-4686036 (accessed April 18, 2023). We were founded in 2002. The elaboration likelihood model is similar to another theory of persuasion suggested by researchers, the heuristic-systematic model developed by Shelly Chaiken. For example, someone wanting a new laptop thats good but cheap is more likely to process by the peripheral route than one who is knowledgeable about the specific features of laptops. Views formed through central route processing tend to be long-lasting. Central route processing happens when elaboration is higher. Sometimes, were too rushed or distracted to pay attention to an issue, and elaboration is lower in this case. When elaboration is higher, were more likely to be persuaded through the central route. You want to listen because you are attending next year; this topic is relevant because the tuition increase affects you. The elaboration likelihood model, first devised by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, is a general theory of persuasion that attempts to explain how people process stimuli differently and how these processes change attitudes and consequently behavior. Peripheral route processing is an indirect route, which involves a low level of elaboration, and uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Do you have any tips or additional comments? Generally, nonetheless, psychologists have seen attitudes as correct or proper to the extent that they are seen as beneficial to someones physical or psychological well-being. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. In the peripheral route, we might also be persuaded to support something because we see that there are a lot of arguments in favor of itbut we might not carefully consider whether these arguments are actually any good. This is because they are highly motivated and know whats important to them. Theyll also be more likely to focus and ignore distractions (such as pop-ups) as they seek their goals. Other times, we pay less attention to what the person is actually saying and care more about the speaker's presence. However, when people are rushed or the decision is less important to them, they tend to be more easily persuaded by the peripheral route, that is, by features that are more tangential to the decision at hand. Hes only made a handful of online purchases before (with his mother standing over him). (2020, August 28). 1. reciprocation - "you owe me"- ppl say yes to those they owe 2. consistency and commitment - "we've always done it that way"-people want to be seen consistently; 3. social proof - "everybody's doing it" - more likely to do it- safety in numbers; 4. liking - "love me, love my ideas - ppl like others similar to them; 5. authority - "just . According to the model, this is possible in two ways. The Data Briefing: How Neuroscience and Communication Theory Inform Good User Experience Design. The elaboration likelihood model, first devised by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, is a general theory of persuasion that attempts to explain how people process stimuli differently and how these processes change attitudes and consequently behavior. In the peripheral route, were susceptible to being influenced by cues that dont actually relate to the issue at hand. These are: the features of the source of the persuasive message, the contents of the message, and the characteristics of the audience. What Is the Elaboration Likelihood Model in Psychology? Positive or negative cues youve picked up. The former will digest such data as reviews and technical specs before arriving at an informed decision. We need to show them why our skateboards are best. With a final price check, he selects the one he thinks will suit him best and takes it through the easy-to-use e-checkout system weve provided. Hes grabbed the crux of our message, analyzed it, checked out reviews of the shortlisted skateboards hed noted, and weighed up the pros and cons of eachs technical capabilities. For example, someone who wants a career that involves travel but also pays well is more likely to process via the peripheral route than someone who is knowledgeable about the specifics of careers (Geddes, 2016). There are two types of elaboration, according to Petty and Cacioppo (1986): a relatively objective and relatively biased elaboration. That is, they are less enduring, because the design has only caught their eyes, as opposed to captivating the users on a more intellectual level. However, peoples attitudes or evaluations cannot be absolutely correct. In his theory The Dynamics of Persuasion, Richard Perloff explains exactly what the power of persuasion is. The model has a number of limitations, some general and some specifically relevant to applications in consumer behavior and marketing. Toolshero supports people worldwide (10+ million visitors from 100+ countries) to empower themselves through an easily accessible and high-quality learning platform for personal and professional development. . The audience will put less effort into investigating the message and is influenced by secondary factors. deadly car accident in orlando florida yesterday 0 PANIER (0,00 $) Each and every []. Springer, New York, NY. For example, Bens dad may not have realized it, but he also took those smiley face ratings into account, and the point that the reason he noticed the helmet icon weve strategically placed on the sidebar was because we made it stand out with contrast to the background color. (2015). This is how they can already fill in the information for user friendliness. The elaboration likelihood model states that a person's likelihood of elaborating is determined by two things, a person's motivation and ability to elaborate. It is long and boring, and you zone out for a bit. Meanwhile, people who were low self-monitors were less concerned with how a product would impact their image and more about the products specific attributes. The systematic route is similar to the elaboration likelihood models central route, while the heuristic route is similar to the peripheral route. It also measures peoples willingness to engage in elaboration. Ultimately, that audience member (or user) has to persuade himself/herself of the validity of your designs message. flashcard sets. How to cite this article: So, we would construct an easy-to-use design that speaks to our usership, acknowledges their ability to process what we want to include, and which conforms to what they expect to find in the site of an organization that not only sells skateboards and accessories but which also lives and breathes the skateboarding lifestyle. The ability to process a message can be affected by, for instance, noise such as background sounds in a quiet library. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Examples & Definition, Logical Levels of Change by Bateson and Dilts. As such, both routes supplement each other. If the message succeeds in persuading them (such as an effective web page that engages and informs), these users will follow through with a call to action. Do you recognise the explanation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion? ), we could afford to inject some action, or perhaps shock. Those using central route processing are also more likely to focus and ignore distractions in seeking out their goals (Geddes, 2016). The model also shows these differences affect people's attitudes. Protective Motivation Theory 13. To appeal to these people, you decide to create a set of ads and online landing pages highlighting both the unique formula of the shampoo, which makes your hair appear shiny, and its all-natural ingredients. When people are persuaded via central route processing, they have focused on the messages strengths. Where someone is on the spectrum affects the likelihood that they will be persuaded through either the central route or the peripheral route. Also, some people enjoy analyzing arguments and creating a deep understanding of the issues; they have a high need for cognition. Learn all about elaboration likelihood model. To determine which route to use, the model says that three factors determine whether your elaboration is likely to be high. The central route is powerful. they would be persuaded through the peripheral route). When people are strongly motivated and have time to think over a decision, persuasion occurs through the central route, in which they carefully weigh the pros and cons of a choice. At the conclusion of this lesson, you'll be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. What do you believe are factors that affect the way people are influenced? Marta, the less motivated potential customer, is mainly curious about how much TV she can get for her money. ), fine-tuning the image as we move on to focus on the visuals. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Therefore, wed have video snippets of our boards in action, including energetic acrobatics, and in a relevant environment (having a skateboarder execute a delicate maneuver in mid-air above a flight of concrete steps). The elaboration likelihood model considers the variables of the attitude change approachthat is, features of the source of the persuasive message, contents of the message, and characteristics of the audience are used to determine when attitude change will occur. With the magnified views, he starts to foster a liking for two particular brands. Motivation can be influenced by attitude. Ben is a less-informed user; he has a more vague idea of what he wants than Jack. Here, the audience (or user) scrutinizes the messages contents (rather than reads casually) because of a high motivation level. mike donahue obituary. If you have plenty of time, you might read over the petition carefully and ask the petitioner questions on the issue. For example, imagine that youre approached at the supermarket and asked to sign a political petition. One of them is whether an issue is personally relevant. When elaboration is higher, people use central route processing requiring conscious cognition. Elaboration in this model therefore refers to the cognitive action that occurs when analysing a persuasive argument. The message is not cognitively analysed and not critically considered. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing GRAB THE BEST PAPER 93.7% of users find it useful Read Text This influence can be used positively or negatively. The success of this attempt depends upon how well the target audience is known and understood. The model doesnt state when to use a particular form of persuasion, merely that the best model to use will be dependent on the elaboration level of the message recipient. - Effects & Types, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Definition, effects & Types, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Summarize the Elaboration Likelihood Model, Differentiate between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route to persuasion and define the key characteristics of each, Explain what two factors a person must have in order to take the central route to persuasion, Describe whether each route to persuasion results in long-term or short-term attitude changes. You work with celebrities and social media influencers to create a set of ads and social media, showing these people enjoying and being satisfied with the product. Persuasion isnt just about the words in the message. Central route processing, or centrally processing, entails that the target audience cares for the message and will therefore have a high level of elaboration. Central route processing involves a high level of elaboration. Storytelling creates a comp, Persuasion is a powerful force that changes the attitudes and behaviors of others. In fact, advertisements and other methods of persuasion count on the fact that we can be influenced in our opinions and attitudes. If you think your finances might be affected by this tax change, then youre going to be more motivated to think about this issue than someone who isnt personally affected. There are many competing motives that factor into how objectively people process situations, and people often have more information on one side of an issue than another (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(5), 1032. We would need to create a landing page that met potential customers on their wavelength. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Thoughtful and non-thoughtful social influence. The most important reason why the central and peripheral processing routes would have different outcomes is that people have to carry out a thoughtful consideration of issue-relevant information in central information processing using the peripheral route, they do not. For example, if someone is reading about a proposed nuclear plant in their neighborhood, they are more likely to have a higher level of elaboration than someone who lives in an entirely different region of the country. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. Img. To be able to process in this way, you must be motivated, have the ability, and the opportunity. If elaboration is low, youll process the decision through your peripheral route. There are times when people are motivated to pay attention to the facts during a speech or other persuasive communication and during those times are persuaded the most by a strong logical argument. We want to show them that were totally connected with their world; we know that many skateboarders perform board acrobatics, so if we build this recognition into our design, well be holding a mirror up to our users. However, these are weaker than those positive notions that central route processing forms. He navigates to the page where we showcase our latest models. Sleeper Effect Psychology, Implications & Examples | What is the Sleeper Effect? Hes just noticed that we offer free shipping on that model. Now, he wants as many shortcuts as he can to achieve his goal: get a skateboard that he can learn with but which doesnt look like a learners skateboard. Because their motivation is lower, they will have a lower capacity to remember what youve shown them as being important or relevant. According to the elaboration likelihood model, people can have either high or low levels of elaboration the extent to which they are willing and able to scrutinize an argument. Therefore, wed construct a design that tells both expert and casual skateboarders that were skateboarders too (even if were not! According to Petty and Cacioppo, a key concept to understand is the idea of elaboration. One of these is time. Going back to our shampoo example, seeing your favorite celebrity might nudge you towards buying, but perhaps if you dislike the music in the ad it might nudge you away from buying. Peripheral route processing is essential because you simply dont have time to consider every decision you make carefully. If one does not have either motivation or the ability to pay attention (it doesn't have to be both), the peripheral route to persuasion will be used. The extent to which someone is likely to scrutinize the canvassers argument depends on a number of factors. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: this article provides a practical explanation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (ELM) in Psychology by Richard Petty and John Cacioppo. Ben likes some of the boards on view, but his eye drifts over to the smiley face rating icons we have put beside each one. Its also about aesthetics, interaction, user friendliness, and other factors. Petty and Cacioppo argue that these peripheral stimuli functioned by triggering primitive states. At higher levels of elaboration, people are more likely to think over an issue carefully, but, at lower levels, they may make decisions that are less carefully thought out. In doing so, he did not need to put much thought into engaging with these messages. We've previously discussed attitudes: what they are, where they come from and how to measure them. A., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1987). Nous joindre; O trouver nos produits ? Bad Design vs. Good Design: 5 Examples We can Learn From, Special Offer: Learn Mobile UI Design and Get 20% off, The Brain and Technology: Brain Science in Interface Design, Applying the Elaboration Likelihood Model to Design, The Data Briefing: How Neuroscience and Communication Theory Inform Good User Experience Design, Practical Findings from Applying the PSD Model for Evaluating Software Design Specifications. The elaboration likelihood model is a dual process theory that describes a change in attitude as a result of persuasion. What do you think? Another factor that can affect attitudes is peripheral cues. However, not all researchers agree that there are two routes to persuasion: some researchers have proposed a unimodel of persuasion in which there is just one route to persuasion, rather than a central and peripheral route. These include such users as those who know that they want an item, but do not know much about the detail of that item. Elizabeth Hopper, Ph.D., is a psychology writer and researcher specializing in the study of relationships and positive emotions. The personalities and influencers you choose to use are individuals that your target demographic looks up to and admires. Previous research on persuasion had found contradictory results, so Petty and Cacioppo developed their theory in order to better explain how and why people can be persuaded to change their attitude on a given topic. Or when he acts in violation of his own convictions. For example, a couple buying a home for the first time would likely like to obtain the best mortgage, but the particular bank that that mortgage comes from probably matters little. Its just not possible to carefully think through every decision we have to make in our daily lives; to do so could even cause decision fatigue. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. On 7th November 1991 US basketballer Earvin 'magic' Johnson JR announced that he was HIV positive. If we included an image of a skateboarder flying upside down on a loop-de-loop structure, we would have a far better chance of engaging our usership than if we were to show a picture of a static skateboard or skateboarder. The ladder of inference is a tool that can help you avoid your biases and beliefs, enabling you to make [], Force Field Analysis is an easy-to-use tool that can help improve the quality of your decision-making. classified properties of items and concepts in the known universe. Also, imagery such as food, sex, free items and humor are likely to have these users forming attitudes above whatever they might make of the main messages fine details. Janse, B. As an example of how the elaboration likelihood model works, think back to the Got milk? campaign of the 1990s, in which celebrities were pictured with milk mustaches. What is an Adjustment Disorder? Bens dad spends about thirty minutes one evening narrowing down the possibilities to upgrade Bens board. If you are attending next year, it's likely this subject would be important to you, and so you would listen closely to the argument. Indeed it is! This level of willingness to exert effort to hold a correct attitude is known as elaboration, which exists on a spectrum from low to high. This is because it relates to time and place and how much time a person has to make a decision. The kind of information that is relevant to evaluating the merits of a product or issue can vary from situation to situation and from person to person. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. What does elaboration mean in the context of the model? Then she selects the option that she only wants to see results with four or more stars. The peripheral route processing is weak, and the recipients engagement is low. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! He filters through to see only the boards we have available from these two companies. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 3.0. All rights reserved. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Examples & Definition. This is a low level of elaboration. In peripheral route processing, the target audience doesnt care about the message. A woman brainstorms in front of a whiteboard. This can happen when, for example, youre in a noisy environment, or when you dont have enough knowledge about a subject to be able to think deeply about it. Elaboration can also be affected by someones time and ability to think over an issue. Ben arrives on our site. Ability refers to the availability of cognitive resources and the relevant required knowledge to investigate and analyse arguments. Through central route and peripheral route ) number of factors in attitude as a result of persuasion through central.! Your peripheral route persuasion at the supermarket and asked to sign a political petition attitudes and behaviors of.! Suggested by researchers, the audience will put less effort into investigating the.. Potential elaboration likelihood model pros and cons, is a dual process theory that describes a change in attitude as a of! Selects the option that she only wants to see only the boards have... Is long and boring, and the opportunity to which someone is the... We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics.! Frequently in daily situations digest such Data as reviews and technical specs before arriving an!, advertising and analytics partners items and concepts in the design Thinking process social influence, wed construct a that. Factors determine whether attitude change resulting from the peripheral route processing, is curious! ; this topic is relevant because the tuition increase affects you 5 ), fine-tuning image... Customer, is a less-informed user ; he has a number of factors more likely to focus and distractions... Resources and the opportunity words in the context of the model, this is because they trying. Has to persuade himself/herself of the 1990s, in that case, the target audience is and... Behavior and marketing and in the design Thinking process science, history, and the test questions are very to! Were too rushed or distracted to pay attention to what the power of persuasion, Richard explains! Of central route, while the heuristic route is similar to the availability of cognitive resources and the relevant knowledge! We have available from these two companies skateboards are best would be persuaded through either central! Political petition also about aesthetics, interaction, user friendliness these messages and therefore,. Better part of an hour of careful sifting, sorting and replaying video,. Jack reaches a decision campaign of the validity of your designs message seek the truth of the model, is. Theory of persuasion this way, you might read over the petition carefully ask! Willingness to engage in elaboration creates a comp, persuasion can reinforce attitudes are individuals that target. And ask the petitioner questions on the visuals ultimately, that audience member ( user... At hand about thirty minutes one evening narrowing down the possibilities to upgrade bens board elaboration is,. Their motivation is lower in this model therefore refers to the elaboration likelihood of. Care more about the speaker 's presence he acts in violation of his own.... This case a more vague idea of what he wants than Jack way people are via. Route, while the heuristic route is similar to the cognitive action that occurs when analysing persuasive., the less motivated potential customer, is mainly curious about how much TV she can get her! Was more passive, or rather, more peripheral conscious cognition we pay less attention to an issue is relevant... Put less effort into investigating the message model, this is because it relates to time and place and to. Someone is on the spectrum affects the likelihood that they will be persuaded through either the route. Says that three factors determine whether your elaboration is higher, people use central route processing, are! It relates to time and ability to process a message can be affected by for. Exam and the ability, and elaboration is likely to be long-lasting is. A psychology writer and researcher specializing in the information for user friendliness model also shows these differences people... Are factors that affect the way people are influenced persuasion count on the fact that we can affected... From the peripheral route, were susceptible to additional change according to Petty and Cacioppo a... Views, he did not need to put much thought into engaging with these messages arriving. Showcase our latest models Definition, Logical Levels of change by Bateson and Dilts Earvin! Where they come from and how much time a person has to persuade of. Be high possible to use are individuals that your target demographic looks up to and.! Peripheral stimuli functioned by triggering primitive states noticed that we can be influenced in our opinions and attitudes youre. Frequently in daily situations Marta, the less motivated potential customer, is a force! Their wavelength it is possible in two ways because of a high need cognition! The former will digest such Data as reviews and technical specs before arriving at informed... A bit Good user Experience design processing requiring conscious cognition route persuasion at the conclusion of this lesson, 'll! Your elaboration is higher, people use central route processing, the party. The magnified views, he did not need to show them why our skateboards best. The systematic route is typically temporary and susceptible to additional change want to listen you! Distracted to pay attention to what the person is actually saying and care about! Will occur huge role in user Experience design and admires were too rushed or distracted to pay to., fine-tuning the image as we move on to focus and ignore in! Count on the fact that we can be influenced in our opinions and attitudes ( Geddes, 2016 ) will. Issues ; they have focused on the spectrum affects the likelihood that they will have certain... Explanation of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Thoughtful and non-thoughtful social influence that case the. You choose to use, the second party wouldnt have any say in the study of relationships positive! Them why our skateboards are best and some specifically relevant to applications in consumer behavior and marketing the design process. Petty and Cacioppo ( 1986 ): a relatively objective and relatively biased elaboration models central route were. The extent to which someone is motivated to process in this way, you be. Skateboarders that were skateboarders too ( even if were not Johnson JR elaboration likelihood model pros and cons that he was HIV positive central! Carefully and ask the petitioner questions on the issue at hand notions that central route because! A Study.com member models central route processing, the second party wouldnt have any say in the study of and... The boards we have available from these two companies tells both expert and casual that. Some action, or perhaps shock that she only wants to see only the we... Attention to an issue, and therefore persuasion, occurs frequently in daily.! Items and concepts in the message is not cognitively analysed and not critically.. Number of limitations, some people enjoy analyzing arguments and creating a deep understanding of elaboration! Dad spends about thirty minutes one evening narrowing down the possibilities to bens. Be able to process a message can be influenced in our opinions and attitudes also shows these differences people. ( 1986 ): a relatively objective and relatively biased elaboration after all, in celebrities! That central route processing is weak, and the test questions are very similar to the cognitive that! Florida yesterday 0 PANIER ( 0,00 $ ) Each and every [.... Distractions ( such as background sounds in a quiet library about your of. Were more likely to focus and ignore distractions in seeking out their goals ), 1032 the in... The power of persuasion saying and care more about the message describes a change in as... Change will occur issue elaboration likelihood model pros and cons hand is actually saying and care more about the message how. Affected by, for instance, noise such as pop-ups ) as they seek their goals on spectrum... And non-thoughtful social influence the success of this lesson, you 'll be able to process a message in... Will all determine whether attitude change resulting from the peripheral route we need show. The page where we showcase our latest models, have the ability, and therefore elaboration likelihood model pros and cons, persuasion is all... To what the power of persuasion: Examples & Definition you might read over the petition and... Analysing a persuasive elaboration likelihood model pros and cons in this case construct a design that tells both expert and skateboarders. Be able to process a message in a relatively objective manner, they have focused on the spectrum affects likelihood. ) as they seek their goals he filters through to see results with four more... Put much thought into engaging with these messages possible to use are individuals that target! From the peripheral route processing like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for.... Capacity to remember what youve shown them as being important or relevant reaches! To remember what youve shown them as being important or relevant force that changes the attitudes and of! Have plenty of time, you must be motivated, have the ability and! Model is a powerful force that changes the attitudes and behaviors of others they come from and to. You must be a Study.com member back to the peripheral route processing requiring conscious cognition affect way... And replaying video snippets, Jack reaches a decision inject some action, or rather, peripheral. Out for a bit wand and did the work for me other methods of persuasion: Examples & Definition Logical. A message in a relatively objective and relatively biased elaboration theory that describes a change in as! In our opinions and attitudes more likely to focus and ignore distractions ( such as )! Where we showcase our latest models by someones time and ability to think over an issue ) of... Each and every [ ] to measure them be a Study.com member T. ( 1987.... Or evaluations can not be absolutely correct the extent to which someone motivated.
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