She was allocated a mini garden by her mother to cultivate and to learn practically how to care for plants. Maathai was shaped by her rural environmentin which she lived on her mothers farmas well as her missionary education and later, by her education in the United States and Germany. As Maathai ascended to the leadership of the NCWK and the GBM, international concerns and thinking with regard to the linkages between development and environment were evolving and shaping global discourse and the engagement of governments, international agencies, and NGOs. Further information about these conferences can be found in the Links to Digital Materials section. Timothy Njoya, We the People: Thinking Heavenly Acting Kenyan (Nairobi, Kenya: WordAlive Publishers, 2017). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Early States and State Formation in Africa, Historical Preservation and Cultural Heritage, Formal Education in Kenya and the United States, The Place of Wangari Maathai in Kenya, Africa, and the World, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.480, United Nations Conference on Human Environment, World Conference of the International Womens Year, United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development, Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), Earth Summit, World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace, World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Wangari Maathai: Key Speeches and Articles, Women, Gender, and Sexuality in East Africa. She is survived by two daughters, Wanjira and Muta, and a son, Waweru, as well as her granddaughter, Ruth. Dr. Samuel Kobia, Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms . She also had close relationships with other African regional institutionsfor instance, the African Development Bank (AfDB). Maathai, The Challenge for Africa, 1112 and 272273. 41. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1638 >> 48. 24 0 obj Both families migrated from the Nyeri District to the Rift Valley province in search of employment and land to cultivate. Maathai had been successful in building a grassroots movement, but she fell into the trap of competitive politics as the best way forward. While working with the National Council of Women of Kenya, Maathai developed the idea that village women could improve the environment by planting trees to provide a fuel source and to slow the processes of deforestation and desertification. << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 128 /Length 115 >> Wangari Maathai, Noble Lecture, during the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 2004; Maathai, Unbowed; and Maathai, Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the World (New York: Doubleday, 2010). She had become a global figure. In these initial attempts, no distinct ideological orientation or program of action could distinguish her from other politicians in the country. Discussions held with Rev. Wangari Maathai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, in recognition of her work with the Green Belt Movement, a group that organizes disadvantaged women in Africa to plant trees in order to preserve the environment and improve women' quality of life. endobj Agricultural cooperatives were established in rural areas to ensure that quality agricultural commodities were produced and marketed. When cash crops were introduced, again it was men who were registered in the cooperatives and received payments after deliveries of tea and coffee. Colonialism in Kenya was a major force for social differentiation. She saw how missionaries perpetuated false dichotomies between Christian values and aspects of African cultures.21 This revelation was to shape and indeed strengthen Maathais appreciation of her Gikuyu cultural background and heritage, enabling her to interact and learn from ordinary people in her advocacy for sustainable environmental practices and the empowerment of women. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When she tried to withdraw her resignation letter from the University of Nairobi, she was bluntly told that the position had been taken by another person! The encounter with expatriate Germans opened a unique opportunity for Maathai. Once again finding her options limited, she went on to pursue a doctorate from the University of Giessen in Germany. Future research could explore further the tensions that marriages of educated elites encountered, while still embedded in their ethnic traditions. Wangari Muta Maathai dedicated her life to solving some of these key issues in Kenya and the world. The early Gikuyu patterns of rural settlements are described by Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu (New York: Vintage Books, 1965); Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles: My Story, 2nd ed. Wangari Maathai, The Challenge for Africa: A New Vision (London: William Heinemann, 2009); on culture, 160183; and on mother tongues, 220226. Her venture into politics plunged her into new controversies and, ironically, resulted in more publicity for the GBM. Another volume, The Challenge for Africa (2009), criticized Africas leadership as ineffectual and urged Africans to try to solve their problems without Western assistance. 49. The impact of changes in rural Kenya was complicated by emerging corruption among Kenyas elite. 5. 31. As more funds were secured and more international attention gained, the GBM was assured of survival, both financially and politically. Africentrism. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. A. Alan Fowler, Striking a Balance: Guide to Enhancing the Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Development (London: Earthscan Publications, 1997). But years later Lawrence M. Njoroge, A Century of Catholic Endeavour: Holy Ghost and Consolata Missions in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Pauline Publications Africa, 2000); Samuel G. Kibicho, God and Revelation in an African Context (Nairobi, Kenya: Action Publishers, 2006); and David P. Sandgren, Mau Maus Children: The Making of Kenyas Postcolonial Elite (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012). endstream In the midst of enormous challenges and obstacles, she created a formidable Green Belt Movement (GBM) to empower grassroots women. She challenged this in court, but her petition was dismissed. This led to intensified competition for natural resources and further encroachment on forests and water towers.43. The influence of the nuns began in this school and continued all the way to university. M. P. K. Sorrenson, Land Reform in Kikuyu Country (London: Oxford University Press, 1967). It's teamwork. Other influential circumstances include an encounter on a settlers farm in the Nakuru region of Kenya, engagements with women in tree-planting ventures, and intense protracted struggles for the democratization of Kenya. stream Her time in academia gave her opportunities to engage in voluntary community activities that were not strictly academic, although regarded as part of university community service. The plan recommended land consolidation and registration of individual ownership to create a landed class which would form a buffer between the radical Gikuyu members and the colonial government, thereby minimizing support for the Mau Mau rebellion. As a result of the movements activism, similar initiatives were begun in other African countries, including Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe. 22 0 obj Wangari Maathai, environmental activist and politician, born 1 April 1940; died 25 . Richard Jolly, Underestimated Influence: UN Contributions to Development Ideas, Leadership, Influence and Impact, in International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects, ed. Her family was of Kikuyu origin, and her father was polygamous. 1. She affirmed earth and water, air and the waning fire of the sun combine to form the essential elements of life and reveal to me my kinship with the soil.63. By Mary Pipher Dr. Pipher is a clinical psychologist and the author, most recently, of "A Life in . 7. Instead the state officials preferred to create divisions among the GBM leadership rather than banish it. Roland Hoksbergen and Lowell M. Ewert (Monrovia, CA: World Vision International, 2002). Maathai was of Kikuyu ethnicity. However, no healing of the scars inflicted on you, I am convinced, can equal the soothing of the Nobel Peace Prize you have now won. She became the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire such an academic degree.24 With her academic career assured in the new University of Nairobi, she became the chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy in 1976, and thereafter an associate professorthe first indigenous woman to acquire the rank. Yet in my various struggles I have been fortunate to receive the encouragement and support of many individuals and institutions both in Kenya and overseas, who have stood by me in difficult times. In 1947, she returned to Ihithe, for lack of educational opportunities at the farm. In 1960, she benefited from what in Kenya was called the Tom Mboya Airlift to the United States, for education in preparation for independence. Thanks to a government-run exchange program, Maathai went to college in the United States, earning a masters degree in biology from the University of Pittsburgh. Born on April 1, 1940 Wangari Maathai grew up in Nyeri County, located in the central highlands of Kenya. She was given a scholarship for PhD studies and research in Kenya and Germany. He also discusses the place of indigenous languages in liberation from cultural enslavement in Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Nairobi, Kenya: Heinemann Educational, 1986). These experiences emboldened her to fight against ethnic discrimination and gender inequalities which she encountered in the same institution and in the country generally. Later Years and Death. By then she had acquired world fame which transcended her position as a member of parliament and as an assistant minister of the environment and natural resourcesa position she was appointed to in January 2003. This was a joint program between the University of Giessen and University College, Nairobi. Ecologist Wangari Maathai won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her years of work with women to reverse African deforestation. Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission), Kenya, Report of the Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission) 19701971: D. N. Ndegwa (Nairobi, Kenya: [The Commission], 1971); and Michael Cowen and Kabiru Kinyanjui, Some Problems of Capital and Class in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, 1977). Dr. Wangar Muta Maathai. The United Nations (UN) conferences in the 70s provided the base for global debates on environment and equality for women that dominated the rest of the 20th century and beyond. Wangari Muta Maathai o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa 1940, mme a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2011, e ne e le molwela ditshwanelo tsa selegae, tikologo le polotiki wa ko lefatsheng la Kenya, o o simolodisitseng mokgatlho wa Green Belt Movement, o e leng mokgatlho o o ikemetseng ka nosi o o itebagantseng le go . Wangari Maathai. Maathais exposure to other Kenyan ethnic communities broadened when she moved onto a settlers farm in the Nakuru area where her father was employed. With the reduced role of the state and increased indebtedness of African countries, new spaces for other development actors emerged. Researching ticks at the University of Nairobi also exposed Maathai to the environmental degradation taking place in rural Kenya and its impact on the livelihoods of rural women. This was characterized by land grabbing, destruction of forests and wildlife, and by exploiting the complex dynamics between public service and engagement in private business. Wangari Maathai, The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience (New York: Lantern Books, 2003); and Maathai, The Challenge for Africa. Her resignation was accepted, but she was disqualified to stand as a candidate allegedly because she had not been registered as a voter. Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 19632012 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 249251; and Karuti Kanyinga and Duncan Okello, eds., Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions: The Kenya 2007 General Elections (Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development and Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 2010), 169. The subsequent handling of the divorce proceedings by the judiciary and the press seem to point out the quandary of how marriages of educated women were then perceived. Maathais mother, her brother Nderitu, and another member of the family made this critical decision, which would open the doors for Maathai to quality education in Kenya and eventually in the United States, thus introducing her to international networks which were to shape her future. Kelly reflects on juggling motherhood and chasing the news. Nobel Laureate Professor Wangari Maathai . Wangari Maathai, the most prominent environmental activist in Africa, was the 2004 recipient of the Alfred Nobel Peace Prize. A decision to send Maathai to school was made by her mother at the instigation of Nderitu, an elder brother. 23 0 obj Her family had established the precedent of educating girls, just as an older uncle had done.6 Together with her mother, Maathai left a settlers farm in Nakuru, where her father was working, to return to Ihithe village in the Nyeri districtone of the rural areas designated for Africans, termed native reserves,so that she could attend school. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. 25 0 obj I stand before you and the world humbled by this recognition and uplifted by the honour of being the 2004 Nobel Peace Laureate. Maathai, Unbowed, 5960; and Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles, 8791. She died on September 25, 2011, at the age . The impact of these policies was felt mostly in the 60s and 70s as landless poor were settled, necessitating the cutting of trees on small-scale farms and reducing forest cover in districts like Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Trans Nzoia, Nyandarua, Laikipia, and Kirinyaga. As elites, they were keen to build careers, and acquire wealth and status in the emerging society. 26. At the same time, Maathais life was greatly influenced by the splendor and simplicity of rural Gikuyu community life, values which subsequently engaged with Western education and religion, with ethnic and gender biases, and with state power and international development thinking. Using Wangar Maathai's biography Unbowed, this paper explores the role of. But as land consolidation and registration went on in central Kenya, it was men who were registered as owners, although it was women who cultivated the land. While her father was formally educated, her mother was not. The couple had their upbringing and initial education in colonial Kenya before going to the United States for university education. A meeting with Prof. Reinhold Hofmann from the University of Giessen in Germany provided an opportunity not only for employment but also for the advancement of her field of interest at the upcoming university. Mathaai was named Wangari at birth after her fathers mother, as was Gikuyu tradition. Wangari recognised rural women's primary interest and role in maintaining a productive landscape, for assuring food needs as well as making daily household necessities - water and fuel - easier to collect. She benefited mainly from the tide of change which was sweeping the country, not because she had articulated her own political ideas.42. When we plant trees, we plant the seeds of peace and seeds of hope. In the forests of Aberdares and Mount Kenya, guerilla warfare was intense. In the United States Maathai landed at another Roman Catholic institution, known as Mount St. Scholastica College (later Benedictine College) where she majored in biology and minored in chemistry and German.19 Characteristically, Maathai was a keen learner in both the classroom and beyond. There her interest in the sciences was further nurtured by the Catholic nun teachers. Childhood & Early Life. Alice Wairimu Nderitu, Kenya, Bridging Ethnic Divides: A Commissioners Experience on Cohesion and Integration (Nairobi, Kenya: Mdahalo Bridging Divides, 2018). xc```b``b`a``f`0$2,~6#\31f3F0f``//^^$bZdQ#n(f`dbg`cX76lb> U) It became known as the home of renowned Mau Mau freedom fighters, outstanding postcolonial leaders, and intellectuals.4 Leaders such as the legendary freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi, former President Mwai Kibaki, and Wangari Maathai had their beginnings in the district. It was bolstered by the introduction of cash crops such as coffee, tea, pyrethrum, and the introduction of exotic dairy cows. Unbowed: A Memoir . The World Conference on Women held in Mexico (1975) and subsequent ones in Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing (1995) set the stage for fundamental changes in gender policies, relations, and for womens participation in development and leadership.49, International discourse on the environment and climate change also advanced after the Stockholm conference through a series of initiatives culminating in the United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), Earth Summit (1992), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Johannesburg, South Africa (2002).50 Such discourse broadened debates on development, giving critical attention to issues surrounding the environment and climate change. This was a rare occurrence in her male-dominated society. Maathai was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica College (now Benedictine College; B.S. With Maathais guidance, the program went from a series of local womens activities into a national and international phenomenon. Thus, the NCWK provided an appropriate platform to develop and experiment with innovative ideas such as the GBM. Maathai had the unique opportunity of going to school when girls in her age group were typically not given the opportunity of doing so. AfDB, Eminent Speakers Program, Wangari Maathai Underscores Importance of Good Governance in Poverty Reduction Efforts, October 27, 2010. When I finally learned to read and write, I never stopped, because I could read, I could write and I could rub.9 After a period of attending primary school, it was decided she should join her cousin at St. Cecilias Intermediate Primary School, a boarding school operated by the Mathari Catholic Mission and Consolata Missionary Sisters. The prevailing cultural attitudes toward Western education and especially education for girls were hostile. On Sunday, Wangari Maathai, the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, died. 36. Forest cover was also decimated as large-scale farms were subdivided and select forest reserves were hived off for settlement purposes. In the following year, despite political and ethnic maneuvers, she was elected to the position of chairperson and re-elected repeatedly until 1987, when she retired from the position. . Wangari Maathai went to college in the United States, earning degrees from Mount St. Scholastica College in Atchison, Kansas (1964) and the University of Pittsburgh (1966). Wangari Maathai came from a family of Athomi (Maathai, Unbowed, 1112). He eventually became a member of parliament for a constituency in Nairobi. When Maathai decided to vie for an elected position, she underestimated the determination of the state to frustrate and contain her ambitions. 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